Madd linguistically means : more (of something).
Could be used as in to stretch your hand, to help some one by
giving money etc.
In
tajweed: elongating the sound of the
‘madd letters’ for more than two harakaat when it comes before a ‘hamza’ or
‘sukoon’.
Therefore, Madd is to make
something longer than 2 harakaat.
« rule of thumb: one harakah = one second
Alqaser : shortening a sound to two seconds
(harakaat) only, like {قاصرات} in the ayah :
حروف
المد
What are the Madd letters?
Three letters of madd: “ا” “و” “ي” (alif, waw, yaa…aa ooo eee)
All theses letters have to have a sukoon on them, but before the
waw there has to be a dammah, yaa a kasrah, and alif a fat'ha.
« The “و” with sukoon with a “damma” before, the “ي” with a ‘kasra’ before, and the “ا” with a “fat-ha” before it. (يقول – قال – قيل)
An example of all the
three letters is found int the word: نوحيها
The different kinds of Madd:
المد
الطبيعي – The natural Madd
The madd that is elongated for two harakat only is called “natural madd” – مد طبيعي (it is part of
the letter, and comes in all cases)
It is also called “original madd” مد أصلي –
There are four kinds of it:
1. Within a word (original), it can come at the end of the word as well: مالك –ضحاها
2. Within two words (male pronoun): The connected small madd – مد صلة صغرى –
إنه هو – به بصيرا
[This kind comes between two words, the end of the first word
has a haa-addameer (male pronoun haa- e.g. innahu إنه هو), between two words, you do madd for 2
secs.
e.g. به بصيرا (has a waw, or a
little yaa next to it in the mushaf)]
3. Within two words (male pronoun) : The connected big madd – مد صلة كبرى
{وهو يحاوره أنا}، {وله أجر}، {به أحداً}.
[This also
comes between two words,
and ends with a male pronoun, but the letter in the 2nd word has to be a “hamzah”, e.g. له أجره, به أحدا You can either make it 2 harakah, or 4
harakaat long.]
4. Within one word (not original) :- غفورا رحيما سميعا بصيراً
[So when stopping at the word, you remove kasratain and stretch
it to baseeraaah.
Madd only if you stop at the word. Also called, مد
العوض (3iwadd means exchange, so change
tanween to sukoon).]
حروف
اللين – Madd al-leen (soft letters)
There are two letters called “leen” letters which are the “و” and the “ي” that have “fa-ha” before them, and they
are elongated if you stop at the word.
[So you only make a madd
if you STOP at It, therefore, MUST STOP at it to make a madd. It is 2 harakaat
long. E.g. بيت , خوف]
الَّذِي أَطْعَمَهُمْ مِنْ
جُوعٍ وَآمَنَهُمْ مِنْ خَوْفٍ} (سورة قريش الآية: 4)
A looong Stretch! (cont’d)
المد
الفرعي – The secondary madd
Secondary madd : Unlike the natural madd, this madd is
an addition to the letter, and comes after a ‘hamza’ or ‘sukoon’ (so any sukoon
on waw, yaa,alif). This madd is longer.
This secondary madd has five kinds:
1) The connected obligatory madd – المد الواجب المتصل
Reason for madd : There is a hamza following the “alif” within
the same word. e.g. assamaa2a
– السماء.
In hafs, the elongation is
for (4-5 seconds,harakat) if its in the middle of an ayah, or at the end.
So, if you see a waw,
alif, or yaa followed by hamzah in the same word then you make this type of
madd. E.g. سوء
1) The disconnected permitted madd – المد
الجائز المنفصل
Reason
for madd: There is a hamza followed the madd letter within different words
The permissible madd not connected: (in some recitations they do
not make this madd, but in haffs,
this madd is said)
قالوا آمنا , يره أحد, أحينا إليك, كما آمن
[So, here hamzah is between two words, and hamzah is at the
beginning of the 2ndword]
Can elongate it 4 to 5
secs, or keep it for 2 secs long.
3) The madd exposed to sukoon – المد العارض للسكون
Reason
for madd: The letter that follows this madd became “saakina” (sukoon is
not
original)
[In other words, Madd
is exposed to a sukoon, (met a sukoon), i.e. we stopped on it.
Like samee3ann baseera, we have a letter follow a sukoon but its
not original. E.g.
It is aso Ja’iz or
permissible, can stretch it to 2,4,5,6 secs.
« Not to confuse with مد العوض :
madd al-ewad is the one where you stop at a tanween, changing it to a sukoon
e.g. غفورا رحيما
4) The exchanged madd – مد
البدل
Hamza precedes the madd
letters, elongated for two seconds only. Originally there are two hamzahs but
it became one long hamza
آمنوا – إيمانا - أوتوا
[So joined the two alif
together to make it easier and joined in a long alif. إإيمانا أأوتوا,أأمنوا] 5) The necessary madd – المد اللازم
Madd al-laazim- the necessary/obligatory madd, the longest in
quran.
It has two branches:
A) Necessary madd in a word – مد
لازم كلمي
It can be heavy or light – مثقل أو مخفف
[There is a sukoon
on qaaf, idghaam because of shaddah, same with at-taaammah]
II. المد الازم الكلمي المخفف – Light: after the madd comes a letter with a
real sukoon, with no shaddah (idgham – two letters, one sound – إدغام).
There is only one word in quran for this type of madd, آ ل آ ن
{أَثُمَّ
إِذَا مَا وَقَعَ آمَنْتُمْ بِهِ آلآنَ
وَقَدْ كُنْتُمْ بِهِ تَسْتَعْجِلُونَ} (سورة يونس الآية: 51)
B) Necessary madd in a letter – مد
لازم حرفي
It comes in the following
letters:(صله سحيراً من قطعك)
(here the letters are put together in a sentence, but on all
these letters a madd lazim is applied, and all are disjointed i.e not read
together).
These letters are divided into a 1)Natural Madd and 2)Secondary
Madd.
Out of the above letters,
the following letters take on a Natural Madd: حي طهر
So, you make it 2 secs long (since it’s a natural madd). For
example:
And the rest of the
letters take on a Secondary Madd كم عسل نقص
[These letters كم
عسل نقص if come in quran, you do not join them, they
are among the disjointed letters, and make madd on each letterfor 6 secs.]
« Fun fact: the phrase in which all the
disjointed letters are strung together lit.means
“how much honey is missing” كم عسل نقص (perhaps the
honey-lovers will remember that!)
The secondary madd can be Heavy or light مثقل أو
مخفف :
a)المثقل Heavy: after the madd comes a letter with a
real sukoon with ‘idgham’
b)المخفف Light: after the madd comes a letter with
sukoon but no idgham.
[ In, آلم, laam and meem are 2 madd. لام ميم.
لام م so after came the idgham, so laam is
heavy and meem is light.
So meem has sukoon,
therefore , light, and laam is being joined is heavy. ]
«Below are all the disjointed letters
that come in the Quran:
الم, المص, الر, المر, كهيعص, طه, طسم, طس, يس, ص, حم, عسق, ق,م, ن
Jazakum Allah khair. For the big effort to make it easy for us to get to the Tajweed rules
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